Northrop frye (Figurative language)

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I share my assignment on Figurative language by Northrop frye. This assainment given by Dr Dilip Barad sir. Please read my blog and do comments and suggestions.

Name: Malek Hina Ibrahimbhai

Roll No. : 7 (seven)

Batch: 2019-21

Email Id: hinamalek21@gmail.com

Unique ID:  2069 1084 2020 0026

Paper No. : 7 Literary Criticism -2

Topic: Northrop frye (Figurative language)

Submitted to: STM. S. B. Gardi Department of English

Question:1 Archetypal Criticism and Figurative language by Northrop frye.

†Introduction:

A. Richards was an influential English literary critic and rhetorical. Richards is regularly considered one of the contemporary study of literature in English. Richards' life and influence can be divided into periods, which correspond roughly to his intellectual interest. Richards is often labeled as the father of the "New Criticism", largely because of the influence of his first two books of critical theory. I.A.Richards is at one with the new criticism in his stress on close textual and verbal study of a poem.

According to Richards there are three objectives to write. 'The Practical criticism' 

'To introduce a new kind of documentation'

'To provide new Technique'

'To prepare the why for educational method'

In his methodology, a lot of importance is given to the "words". Richards provides the theoretical foundations on which the technique of verbal was built. 

According to LA.Richards language can be used in ways, ic. the scientific use and the emotive one. Two uses of Language shows the scientific way is precise, clear and matter of fact, but in poetry. one can make use of fiction and the author says that truth in a work of art means only the internal necessity or rightness of the work of art.

†THE CONCEPT OF ARCHETYPAL CRITICISM:

Literature can be interpreted in as many ways as possible and there are different approaches to literature, and one among them is the archetypal approach. The term "archetype" means an original idea or pattern of something of which others are copies. Archetypal approach is the interpretation of a text in the light of cultural patterns involved in it and these cultural patterns are based on the myths and rituals of a race or nation or social group. Myths and rituals are explored in a text for discovery of meaning and message. In recent times this type of criticism approach to a text has gained popularity. James George Frazer and Carl Gustav Jung are the two great authorities who have greatly contributed to the development of archetypal approach. Frazer was a social anthropologist and his book The Golden Bough makes a study of magic, religion and myths of different races. Jung was a psychologist associated with Freud. The "collective consciousness" is a major theory of Jung. According to Jung, civilized man "unconsciously" preserves the ideas, concepts and values of life cherished by his distant forefathers, and such ideas are expressed in a society's or race's myths and rituals. Creative writers have used myths in their works and critics analyze texts for a discovery of "mythological patterns." This kind of critical analysis of a text is called archetypal criticism. T.S. Eliot has used mythical patterns in his creative works and The Waste Land is a good example of it. Northrop Frye in his essay does not analyze any particular myth in a work and in fact, he presents an analysis of "“mythical patterns" which have been used by writers in general.

†Figurative language by Northrop frye:

According to him the poets write to communicate, and language is the means of that communication,language is made of words and hence a study of words is all important if the meaning of work of art is understood.

†Aim: 

Richards says "I have set three aims before me in constructing this book." And then says that "First, to introduce a new kind of documentation to those who are interested in the contemporary state of culture whether as critics, philosophers, as teacher as psychologists, or merely as curious person. 

Richards' work we can see that literary criticism factual, scientific and complete. It no longer remains a matter of the application of set rules or mere `intuition" or impressions. His critical analysis, interpretation and evaluation have exercised considerable influence on the new critics everywhere. His approach towards criticism is pragmatic and empirical. 

†The Importance of Words: 

A study of his practical criticism together with his work The Meaning of Meaning his interest in verbal and textual analysis. 

Meaning of a word depends upon four factors these are: 

1) Sense: It meant some that communicated the plain literal meaning of the words.

2) Feeling: It refers to the emotions. emotional attitude like that pleasure, unpleasantness and the rest. 

3) Tone: The writer uses words and arranges them keeping in mind the taste of his readers. Feeling is only a state of mind. 

4) Intention: Intention controls the emphasis, shapes the arrangement, or draws attention to something of importance. 

Richards says "original language may have been almost emotive, that is to say a means of expressing feelings about the situation, a means of expressing impersonal attitude and a means of bringing about pure concerted action." 

In the poem every word is very important because every word has a different meaning in different readers. 

†Figurative Language: 

Richards 'methodology is a scientific one. His approach is specifically, inductive. Richards lays out the 13 poems together with the students' responses to them, all this with a view to documenting the sheer variety and divergence of their interpretations of the very same work. 

In Figurative Language critical commentary-causes of misunderstanding. The distraction of meter, Intuitive versus over-literal reading, Literalism and metaphor, poetic liberty, Mixture in metaphor, personification, reason for advantages of dangers of critical comparison. The diversity of aims in poetry. 

†Sources of Misunderstanding in poetry: 

According to Richards there are four sources of misunderstanding of poetry. His control of thought is ordinary his chief means to the control of our feeling and in the immense majority of instances we misread his sense. This element of truth in them makes them most deceptive and misleading. The reader may fail to understand the sense of the poet because he is ignorant of the poet's sense. 

†The Value of Figurative Language: 

Poets use a figurative language, and this use of poetic figures poses a number of difficult and interesting problems. This power and value of figurative language, as well as problems and difficulties of figurative language in general, can be better appreciated by a study of a few concrete examples. 

†Mixed Metaphors: 

Mixtures in metaphors work well if in the mixture the different parts or clements do not cancel each other out. The mixture must not be the fire and water types as it certainly is in the passage concerned. The mixture must not be of the fire and water like woven' does not mix well with sea and lightning.

†Figurative Language: 

The critic is right in pointing out that if down were there, night and night's lighting would not be present. But all such explanations are not sufficient to justify the presence of dawn in the poem. According to Richards language can be used in two ways, i.e. the scientific use and the emotive one. Two uses of language shows the scientific way is precise, clear and matter of fact, but in poetry one can make use of fiction and the author says that truth in a work of art means only the internal necessity or rightness of the work of art. 

†The Value of personification: 

Personification in the poem, amounts to a general objection to all personification and, therefore, deserves to be considered at length. It is so in the history of the race and in the individual biography. No wonder that if what we have to say about inanimate from only appropriate if strict sense is our sole consideration to persons and human relation. 

†Comparative criticism: 

Richards warns his reader poet and against the dangers of over simple forms of Comparative Criticism. A critic has compared the Shelley is clear in the conception. When after five verses of antics chiefly concerned with the could itself in its afternoon dissolution, he cuts the personification down, mixture his metaphors to reflect its incoherence and finally. 

†Conclusion: 

We can say that a proper understanding of figurative language needs closer study. Its literal sense must be carefully followed, but such literal reading must not come in the way of an imagination appreciation of it.

†Work cited:

Abrams, M. H. "Archetypal Criticism." A Glossary of Literary Terms. Fort Worth: HBJ, 1993. 223 - 225

Brown, Daniel Russell. "A look at Archetypal Criticism." Aesthetics and Art Criticism 28 (1970): 465-472.

"Carl Gustav Jung." The Norton Anthology: Theory and Criticism. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch. New York: Norton, 2001. 987 - 990

Thank you...